The distinctive feature of bones is that they typically have a fibrous or spongy texture on the inside or where the ends of long bones are exposed. The appearance of the early vertebrate jaw has been described as "perhaps the most profound and radical evolutionary step in the vertebrate history". Incisors (dark blue) are at the front of the mouth and are usually for scraping or biting, so they are scoop shaped and smaller. In more advanced teleosts, the premaxilla is enlarged and has teeth, while the maxilla is toothless. Behind these are the orbits, and then an additional pair of capsules enclosing the structure of the inner ear. These can be seen in Figure 2. In dogs this runs through the articulation whereas in cats in runs to the side. This double type of suspension is referred to as a mphistylic jaw suspension. Weasel's have long skulls with large eye sockets. The 423 million years old specimen part of an ancient group of armoured fish called placoderms is the oldest fossil ever found with a modern three-part jaw, which includes two bones in. A little more than half of all bony fishes live in the ocean, where they are by far the dominant vertebrates. Be part of Peterborough Archaeology. In these creatures, the teeth are "indeterminate" and grow continually. Badger skulls are slightly shorter than a fox's at around 13cms long. The two most anterior of these arches are thought to have become the jaw itself (see hyomandibula) and the hyoid arch, which braces the jaw against the braincase and increases mechanical efficiency. In this section, there's a wealth of information about our collections of scientific specimens and cultural objects. Notice, some of the back molars are just erupting, and we only have the top mandible. The borders of the mouth are formed by three bones. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Check out the What's On calendar of events, workshops and school holiday programs. 1. r/fossilid. Caniniform teeth may be present at the front of both jaws. While there is no fossil evidence directly to support this theory, it makes sense in light of the numbers of pharyngeal arches that are visible in extant jawed (the Gnathostomes), which have seven arches, and primitive jawless vertebrates (the Agnatha), which have nine. Even if you arent able to identify the species you can still tell some really interesting stuff about the animal and how it lives its life. Sparid remains Lernau 1996) 22 = certain identification of family and genus . Barred Javelin, Pomadasys kaakan (Cuvier, 1830). Twisting maxilla mechanism: The depression of the mandible causes the maxilla to twist about the longitudinal axis resulting in the protrusion of the premaxilla (e.g. Helfman, G.S., Collette, B.B. [9], Although the skulls of fossil lobe-finned fish resemble those of the early tetrapods, the same cannot be said of those of the living lungfishes. They do not have pharyngeal jaws. Silvery color with a bluish or greenish back. First, is it a carnivore, herbivore, or omnivore? Pp. The purpose of the kype is not altogether clear, though they can be used to establish dominance by clamping them around the base of the tail (caudal peduncle) of an opponent. the cichlid bass, Crenicichla minuano), have molariform teeth and a strengthened jawbone bone. Animals can sometimes be identified by their skeletal remains. Often times you'll find skulls that are missing their lower jaws, teeth have fallen out, or various and sundry things have happened to the skull, so the teeth are hard to count or may be missing. Finally, the skull tapers towards the rear, where the foramen magnum lies immediately above a single condyle, articulating with the first vertebra. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". They are shown here for identification purposes, as these same fossils can be found at the Calvert Cliffs. Instead, when the moray bites prey, it first bites normally with its oral jaws, capturing the prey. There are about 21,500 species of bony fishesabout 98% of all fishes and almost half of all vertebrates. You might be able to get some clues about what the bird eats from its beak. This is a pamphlet style guide, about 10 pages, with information and pictures of common skulls of birds, mammals, fish, and reptiles. The mandible forms the lower jaw. The other types of teeth are much easier. Its sides have yellow and pink spots with blue rings. Scan the accumulated debris for mammal bones many of these will be the remains of domestic animals washed out to sea, but among them you should spot seal and whale bones. It's waterproof and easy to carry into the field. Cartilaginous fishes grow multiple sets (polyphyodont) and replace teeth as they wear by moving new teeth laterally from the medial jaw surface in a conveyor-belt fashion. The most notable difference is the much higher and flatter skull vault in pigs compared to sheep. FISH HOOKS. Jaws are thought to derive from the pharyngeal arches that support the gills in fish. [37] Shark teeth form within the jaw move outward in rows until they are eventually dislodged in a manner similar to a conveyor belt. If teeth are available then identification is much easier, with teeth of the two species (particularly molars) being very different. Black Friday Offer - Save 25% off all imagery use code: ALAMYBF25. The upper jaw is formed from the pterygoids and vomers alone, all of which bear teeth. Mole skull (back is missing) by Ellen Kinsley. See if you can guess the dentition. More Fossils! Most bones will have been cleaned and bleached by the sun, but any that need a wash can be soaked in a commercial denture cleaner or gently boiled in a solution of sodium perborate. In bony fish, the maxilla is called the "upper maxilla," with the mandible being the "lower maxilla". View more detailed information fish bones. This is an example of a rodent skull, with bright orange incisors (Photo: Mike Simpson, Flicker Sharing). Two bones, the articular bone on the very back tip of the jawbone and the quadrate bone at the base of the skull form the jaw joint in reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammal-like reptiles (see . Because this is a rabbit, it has an additional set of teeth behind its long front teeth (unique to hares and rabbits, not found in rodents), so the count is: I 2 C 0 P 3 M 3= 8 total or 16 in the top jaw alone. In bony fish, the maxilla is called the "upper maxilla," with the mandible being the "lower maxilla". School excursions at the Australian Museum, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Collection, Australian Museum Research Institute (AMRI), Australian Museum Lizard Island Research Station. Juveniles of the species resemble the young of smallmouth bass in having a broad band of orange at the base of the tail, followed by a broad black band and white edge. Like a skull detective! Bones are made from a composite of organic components, such as collagen and fats, and inorganic minerals such as calcium. This handout will introduce you to . Movements of the neurocranium are not coupled with the kinematics of the upper jaw (e.g. There are several large, fang-like teeth in the front of the jaws, followed by many small barbed teeth. Knowing where molars and premolars begin and end can be tricky. [18], Wrasses have become a primary study species in fish-feeding biomechanics due to their jaw structure. 17 Hyomandibula; 18 Symplectic; 19 Quadrate; 20 Pterygoid; 21 Palatine; 22 Endopterygoid (mesopterygoid); 23 Metapterygoid; 24 Preopercule; 25 Opercle; 26 Subopercle; 27 Interopercle; 28 Articular; 29 Angular; 30 Dentary; 31 Maxilla; 32 Premaxilla; 33 Interhyal; 34 Epihyal; 35 Ceratohyal; 36 Basihyal; 37 Glossohyal; 38 Urohyal; 39 Branchiostegals; 49 Preorbital; 50 Suborbital; 51 Nasal; 52 Supratemporal; 53 Post-temporal; 54 Supracleithrum; 55 Cleithrum; 56 Postcleithrum; 57 Hypercoracoid; 58 Hypocoracoid; 60 Actinosts; 61 Pectoral fin; 62 Pelvic girdle; 63 Pelvic (ventral) fin. A dental formula is quite simple, they just use letters to represent each type of tooth: After each number you will find two numbers that look like a fraction. Skulls: An Exploration of Alan Dudley's Curious Collection Skulls is a beautiful spellbinding exploration of more than 300 different animal skullsamphibians, birds, fish, mammals, and reptileswritten by New York Times bestselling author, Simon Winchester . We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. Pigs have 4 metapodia all unfused compared to a single metapodial in sheep Single fused metapodial. Remember that animal skulls will not always have the same number of teeth in their upper and lower jaws. The shortfin mako shark lunges vertically and tears flesh from prey, Tiger shark teeth are oblique and serrated to saw through flesh, The prickly shark has knife-like teeth with main cusps flanked by lateral cusplets, Male salmon often remodel their jaws during spawning runs so they have a pronounced curvature. The last tidbit you should know, is about bilateral symmetry. The fish belonging to this group have no jaws. The Sparid fish found in the cesspit seem to be rather small when considering the potential size range of this family. These unassociated are bones from Aurora, NC. This only touches the tip of the iceberg for identifying skulls, but it's a great place to start, and can help you hone your naturalist skills. They open wide enough to swallow a fish larger than the eel itself. Droppings, dung, spraints and scat - animal poo goes by many names. Fossils of animals are classified, as are living specimens, by observing the body structures and functions. Its upper body and dorsal fin have wormlike markings. (Interesting Fish Facts)", "An Ancient Gene Network Is Co-opted for Teeth on Old and New Jaws", "A periodic pattern generator for dental diversity", "The fine structure of initial mineralisation during tooth development in the gummy shark, Mustelus manazo, Elasmobranchia", "Structure, attachment, replacement and growth of teeth in bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), a teleost with deeply socketed teeth", https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/60/3/563/5857135, "Evolution and development of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath", "Tooth and consequences: Heterodonty and dental replacement in piranhas and pacus (Serrasalmidae)", "How big are whale sharks? The rodent could only eat from one side of its mouth which led to starvation,apparently the cause of its death. The structural diversity of the lower pharyngeal jaw could be one of the reasons for the occurrence of so many cichlid species. Teeth are absent from the vomer and palatine bones. Photos by the National Park Service - Fossil Butte National Monument. View our full guide to identifying these two species. Enterprise. The pharynx arises during development through a series of six or more outpocketings called pharyngeal arches on the lateral sides of the head. [21], The nasal and mandibular bones are connected at their posterior ends to the rigid neurocranium, and the superior and inferior articulations of the maxilla are joined to the anterior tips of these two bones, respectively, creating a loop of 4 rigid bones connected by moving joints. When you see the animal alive its got fur or feathers on which makes it appear bigger. Males have prominent tusks too. These formulas can be used by biologists to help accurately identify skulls and to assist in categorizing animals into families and subgroups. Try your hand at the dentition of this red fox skull. dogfish) the hyomandibular of the hyoid arch forms a bridge . [14] Cartilaginous fish, such as sharks and rays also lack a true maxilla. Billfish (marlin, swordfish and sailfish) use rostrums (bills) to slash and stun prey. Now, the same team has unearthed a new species, named Qilinyu rostrata, from the Kuanti Formation of Qujing in Yunnan, China. If you're unsure of the difference, check out my earlier blog post, Naturalist Classes and Continued Learning. Gogoselachus cartilage showing the separate units called tesserae making the up the lower jaw (left), and a thin section showing bone cells (red line) inside the matrix which binds the tesserae . Baleen plates can be more than a metre long in larger whales. If you cannot identify your bone(s) through the database, contact your local college or university to seek professional analysis. How to Use BoneID BoneID is built to help anyone identify bones. These arm and hand bones are encased in the flipper. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. [43][44], Fish jaws, like vertebrates in general, normally show bilateral symmetry. [32][33], While both sharks and bony fish continuously produce new teeth throughout their lives, they do so via different mechanism. This image, generated from X-ray micro-computed tomography data collected at Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source, shows a view of one-quarter of a parrotfish beak. To grab and bite prey not armoured with shells, predators need conical, bent back teeth. This sites extensive and easy-to-use database will help you identify bones from many common species regardless of your academic training. Look for eyes above the nose in humans. Jaws probably originated in the pharyngeal arches supporting the gills of jawless fish. It's also helpful if you have both jaws available,(upper and lower mandibles) though it's not required. Size is a great first clue to the identity -but they may look smaller than youd expect. 1. Fish hooks are one of the most desirable and collected of all bone artifacts. [71] They could also produce high bite forces when closing the jaw, estimated at 6,000N (1,350lbf) at the tip and 7,400N (1,660lbf) at the blade edge in the largest individuals. Herbivores have small or missing canines, Carnivores have sharp, pointed cheek teeth. The first dorsal fin is short and spiny with powerful pectoral fins. Identification Guide Marine mammals can be difficult to identify at sea. (Jazmin Jones, Smithsonian Institution) It is through these tooth marks that scientists are able to determine a megalodon's feeding behavior. The maxilla functions to push both the premaxilla and the lower jaw forward. [11], The upper jaw, or maxilla[12][13] is a fusion of two bones along the palatal fissure that form the upper jaw. Red deer and sika deer have small rounded canines in the upper jaw. Cohen, A. and 1991 Manual for the Identification of Bird Bones from Serjeantson, D. Archaeological Sites. Crow Without feathers covering them beaks can look longer than youd think. The simpler structure is found in jawless fish, in which the cranium is represented by a trough-like basket of cartilaginous elements only partially enclosing the brain, and associated with the capsules for the inner ears and the single nostril. 64 Abdominal vertebrae 65 Caudal vertebrae 66 Centrum 67 Neurapophysis 68 Neural spine 69 Haemapophysis 70 Haemal spine 71 Zygapophysis 72 Parapophysis 73 Ribs 74 Epipleurals 75 Interneural 76 Dorsal fin 77 Interhaemal 78 Anal fin 79 Hypural 80 Caudal fin. If you're unsure of the difference, check out my earlier blog post. The Australian Museum respects and acknowledges the Gadigalpeople as the FirstPeoples and TraditionalCustodians ofthe land and waterways on which theMuseumstands. Ahlberg noted the similarities and differences between the two species. Found in all oceans, different species are found in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. To open the mouth, an adductor muscle pulls back the top of the maxilla, pushing the lower jaw forward. Unlike the oral jaw, the pharyngeal jaw has no jaw joint, but is supported instead by a sling of muscles. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Today, sarcopterygian fish species represent less than 0. . The most common fish hood is designed from a single bone of the white tail deer. Interested in having your collection on BoneID. Their total body length is 70-88cm. The first group is the Superclass Agnatha. Some fish have permanently protruding upper jawbones called rostrums. For example, here is the dentition of an adult human: Adult Human: I - 2/2 C - 1/1 P - 2/2 M - 3/3 = 16 x 2 = 32 total teeth. This "four-bar linkage" has the property of allowing numerous arrangements to achieve a given mechanical result (fast jaw protrusion or a forceful bite), thus decoupling morphology from function. The different shape of the cusps on the pig tooth is immediately apparent and is very different from the W shaped profile of sheep teeth which look somewhat look like miniature cattle teeth. Skull: Skull of Labeo (Fig. For example plaice and flounder, poor cod and pouting and pollock and coalfish are all species which anglers sometimes struggle to tell apart. Eyes of bony . The oral jaws are used to capture and manipulate prey by biting and crushing. Cattle and horse long bones also show very distinct differences especially (but not exclusively) femora and metapodials. BoneID is built to helpanyoneidentify bones. The lower jaw and maxilla (main upper fixed bone of the jaw) are then pulled back to close the mouth, and the fish is able to grasp the prey. This page lists many of the terms used throughout the site. This new joint is between two bones that are nowhere near each other in non-mammals: the squamosal in the skull and the dentary in the mandible. Their total body length is40-42cm. Teeth are specialized to do different jobs, depending on the diet of the creature (if you ever want to see a really weird skull, check out the anteater, they don't have any teeth, just a long bone snout!). They must chew, or their teeth can grow so long that they can't open their mouths. Stock photos, 360 images, vectors and videos. Aug. 16 (UPI) -- Australian scientists have discovered a 400-million-year-old fish fossil featuring a human-like jaw structure. While many also possess a few molars in the back of their mouths, and sharp incisors in the front, the most important teeth for carnivores are their long, sharp canine teeth. For a more complete animal skull identification guide, we highly recommend the following books. Some of the earliest jawless fishes were the ostracoderms (Greek for "bone-skin"). Animal Jaw Bone Identification Stock Photos, Pictures & Royalty-Free Images - iStock Pricing Boards Video Back Videos home Curated sets Signature collection Essentials collection Diversity and inclusion sets Trending searches Video Happy new year Abstract background Christmas background Christmas tree Dog Holiday background Winter Happy holidays The sharks, rays and chimaeras (Class Chondrichthyes) have skeletons made of cartilage. The guides are available for download from the Jigsaw Website. Badger This is similar to the mandible (lower jaw), which is also a fusion of two halves at the mandibular symphysis. Compact (cortical) bone specimens have been found to have tensile strength in the range of 700-1,400 kg per square cm (10,000-20,000 pounds per square inch) and compressive strengths in the range of 1,400-2,100 kg per square cm (20,000-30,000 pounds per square inch). & D.E. Here's a really challenging skull. Over evolutionary time the more familiar use of jaws (to humans), in feeding, was selected for and became a very important function in vertebrates. This allows for different nutritional strategies, and because of this, cichlids are able to colonize different habitats. In modern species which are sensitive to over 1 kHz frequencies, the footplate of the stapes is 1/20th the area of the tympanum. The most apparent difference in these bones is the much larger muscle attachments at the proximal end of the horse femur compared to cattle (horses run faster than cattle!). Grey seals have either a single cusp or small additional cusps. Identify bird song. Most bony fishes have two sets of jaws made mainly of bone. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The inner edges are frayed and strands intertwine to form a sieve. [62], It is now accepted that the precursors of the jawed vertebrates are the long extinct bony (armoured) jawless fish, the so-called ostracoderms. . "Looking at the jaw bones of Entelognathus and Qilinyu, we can see that they, in both fishes, combine characters of the bony fish jaw bones and placoderm gnathal plates," Ahlberg said in a statement. Originally it was the lower of two cartilages which supported the first gill arch (nearest the front) in early fish. Teeth - herbivores, carnivores, rodents, lagomorphs, and deer, can be sorted by their teeth. The top number represents the number of a particular teeth in the top mandible (or mouth) and the bottom number represents the number of a particular type of teeth in the lower mandible or jaw. 25,000+ species, fish structures are quite diverse. Cattle and horse astralagi are also distinctive (see Figure 5). Knowing how to identify poo can be a, The UK is home to a variety of birds of prey - predatory birds equipped with sharp talons and hooked bills. Here's the answer if you're not sure: I 3/3, C1/1, PM 4/4, M 2/3 = 21 x 2 = 42. Image credit: gadigal yilimung (shield) madeby UncleCharlesChickaMadden. Collectively known as theropods, they range from bus-sized to chicken-sized. Bones can at least help to identify broad groups of animals. And four other whale shark facts", "Seasonal changes in the lower jaw skeleton in male Atlantic salmon (, "Handed Foraging Behavior in Scale-Eating Cichlid Fish: Its Potential Role in Shaping Morphological Asymmetry", "Evolution of a unique predatory feeding apparatus: functional anatomy, development and a genetic locus for jaw laterality in Lake Tanganyika scale-eating cichlids", "Convergent Evolution within an Adaptive Radiation of Cichlid Fishes", 10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[886:ROTSLG]2.0.CO;2, "Trophic ecology of the deep-sea fish Malacosteus niger (Pisces: Stomiidae): An enigmatic feeding ecology to facilitate a unique visual system? For example, ajuvenile rat can be thesame size as a mouse. The four-bar linkage is also responsible for protrusion of the premaxilla,[6] leading to three main four-bar linkage systems to generally describe the lateral and anterior expansion of the buccal cavity in fishes. Whilst this is beyond the scope of a short introduction, having the knowledge to identify the most commonly found species can be of great help on site. 22 days ago. View high-resolution X-ray computed tomography images of many fishes on the Digimorph site. Rough weather, glare, fog, or other bad sighting conditions compound the problem. Dark green or blue with white belly which may become a vibrant orange as the fish nears spawning. [9], In vertebrates, the lower jaw (mandible or jawbone)[10] is a bone forming the skull with the cranium. Third Edition. [22] This species utilizes its quick and extreme jaw protrusion to capture smaller fishes and crustaceans. An exception occurs with the parasitic scale-eating cichlid Perissodus microlepis. However, in piranhas and pacus, all the teeth on one side of the jaw are replaced at a time. As one can see in Figure 10, both dog and cat humerii have a hole (foramen) through the distal articulation. ", "The origin of the vertebrate jaw: Intersection between developmental biology-based model and fossil evidence", "The opercular mouth-opening mechanism of largemouth bass functions as a 3D four-bar linkage with three degrees of freedom", "Evolution of Levers and Linkages in the Feeding Mechanisms of Fishes", "The Evolution of Fishes After the Devonian", "Adaptive Significance of Intra- and Interspecific Differences in the Feeding Repertoires of Cichlid Fishes", "Many-to-One Mapping of Form to Function: A General Principle in Organismal Design? Today, mammals have three small bones in the ear that transmit sound from the eardrum: the malleus, incus, and stapes. Animal Info Animal InfoBooks Animal Bytes Animal Sounds Ecosystem Infobooks Ask Shamu Saving A Species Career Resources . Marine mammals have a range of adaptations that help distinguish them from terrestrial mammals. It does not store any personal data. [39] Some sharks lose 30,000 or more teeth in their lifetime. The easiest way to start is by looking at the teeth of of the skull. Image width = 6 cm. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Vertebrae of larger whales can be the size and shape of a kitchen plate. If you feel around your mouth with your tongue, it becomes apparent that you don't have all the same types of teeth. [23], All vertebrates have a pharynx, used in both feeding and respiration. The jaw's surface (in comparison to the vertebrae and gill arches) needs extra strength due to its heavy exposure to physical stress. ", "Developmental and evolutionary origins of the pharyngeal apparatus", "Evolution and ecology of feeding in elasmobranchs", "Prey Capture Behavior and Feeding Mechanisms of Elasmobranchs", "Evolutionary history of Otophysi (Teleostei), a major clade of the modern freshwater fishes: Pangaean origin and Mesozoic radiation", "Do Carp Have Teeth? The pharyngeal jaws of the moray are highly mobile, perhaps as an adaptation to the constricted nature of the burrows they inhabit which inhibits their ability to swallow as other fishes do by creating a negative pressure in the mouth. This is because their skeleton is mainly made up of a rubbery substance called cartilage, rather than pure bone. You can unsubscribe at any time. In some cases, like that of rabbits, beaverand otherrodents, they may have orangish curved teeth for incisors. In addition, parts of the fish's skeleton grow within the skin and become the hard spines of the fins and the tiny hard plates within the fish's scales. The number, shape, and size of teeth can help you determine what type of animal skull you've found. Academic Press. Cosmoid scales are found in the Lungfishes (family Ceratodidae) and some fossil fishes. The cheek teeth of common seals have three distinct cusps. Schmid, E. 1972 Atlas of Animal Bones. Please use only the drawings in this lab guide for the count. This step by step guide to archaeological techniques is one of a series prepared by Jigsaw - a network of Cambridgeshire groups working alongside Oxford Archaeology East. The genus name Dunkleosteus combines David Dunkle 's surname with the Greek word ( oston 'bone'), literally meaning 'Dunkle's-bone'. As one can see horse teeth are much squarer in profile and plan compared to cattle teeth with a radically different enamel fold pattern. Seal skulls are superficially dog-like in appearance. Minnesota's landscape is maze of lakes and river that are home to a recorded total of 163 species of fish. This site's extensive and easy-to-use database will help you identify bones from many common species regardless of your academic training. Registered charity number 207238 Badger skull by Charlotte Varela Badger These hooked jaws are called kypes. Jaws use linkage mechanisms. However, the vertebrate pharynx is unique in that it gives rise to endoskeletal support through the contribution of neural crest cells.[24]. For example the difference in average height at the shoulder between Iron Age and Modern cattle can be as much as 40cm! Where there is life, there is death. On the floor, he found half of a human jawbone, studded with two teeth. The hyoid articulates with the mandibular arch posteriorly, but it appears to provide little support to the upper and lower jaws. Get every new post on this blog delivered to your Inbox. In amphistyly, the palatoquadrate has a postorbital articulation with the chondrocranium from which ligaments primarily suspend it anteriorly. Petrotilapia). There are several books that will help you identify your finds, but expect the unexpected. The tarpon's mouth is large, terminal (at the frontmost part of the head) superior (slightly upturned), and remarkably boney. The Wildlife Trusts: Protecting Wildlife for the Future. This South American favorite has the countenance of a vampire, with two fangs as long as your little fingers erupting from its lower jawplus dozens of other sharp teeth. Spiny sharks did not diversify as much as placoderms, but survived much longer into the Early Permian about 290 million years ago. You only need to count the teeth on one side of the animal's skull and jaw, and then double it to get a full count of teeth. Going one step at a time can make fossil identification possible for anyone. Bony Fish. In these species the jaw joint is also called the temporomandibular joint, or TMJ. found near Belton, TX. Paleontologists believe the ancient fish species' jaw. . My favorite book, "The Wild Mammals of Missouri" has a great combination of pictures of animals, their skull, lower jaw, tracks, descriptions, and a dental formula. In most species of bony fish, teeth are replaced one at a time as opposed to the simultaneous replacement of an entire row.
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